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Objectivity
The emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences, as revealed through images in scientific atlases-a story of how lofty epistemic ideals fuse with workaday practices. Objectivity has a history, and it is full of surprises.In Objectivity, Lorraine Daston and Peter Galison chart the emergence of objectivity in the mid-nineteenth-century sciences-and show how the concept differs from its alternatives, truth-to-nature and trained judgment.This is a story of lofty epistemic ideals fused with workaday practices in the making of scientific images. From the eighteenth through the early twenty-first centuries, the images that reveal the deepest commitments of the empirical sciences-from anatomy to crystallography-are those featured in scientific atlases, the compendia that teach practitioners what is worth looking at and how to look at it.Galison and Daston use atlas images to uncover a hidden history of scientific objectivity and its rivals.Whether an atlas maker idealizes an image to capture the essentials in the name of truth-to-nature or refuses to erase even the most incidental detail in the name of objectivity or highlights patterns in the name of trained judgment is a decision enforced by an ethos as well as by an epistemology. As Daston and Galison argue, atlases shape the subjects as well as the objects of science.To pursue objectivity-or truth-to-nature or trained judgment-is simultaneously to cultivate a distinctive scientific self wherein knowing and knower converge.Moreover, the very point at which they visibly converge is in the very act of seeing not as a separate individual but as a member of a particular scientific community.Embedded in the atlas image, therefore, are the traces of consequential choices about knowledge, persona, and collective sight.Objectivity is a book addressed to anyone interested in the elusive and crucial notion of objectivity-and in what it means to peer into the world scientifically.
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Learn Autonomous Programming with Python : Utilize Python’s capabilities in artificial intelligence, machine learning, deep learning and robotic process automation
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Objectivity : A Very Short Introduction
- Is objectivity possible?- Can there be objectivity in matters of morals, or tastes?- What would a truly objective account of the world be like?- Is everything subjective, or relative? - Are moral judgments objective or culturally relative?Objectivity is both an essential and elusive philosophical concept.An account is generally considered to be objective if it attempts to capture the nature of the object studied without judgement of a conscious entity or subject.Objectivity stands in contrast to subjectivity: an objective account is impartial, one which could ideally be accepted by any subject, because it does not draw on any assumptions, prejudices, or values of particular subjects.Stephen Gaukroger shows that it is far from clear that we can resolve moral or aesthetic disputes in this way and it has often been argued that such an approach is not always appropriate for disciplines that deal with human, rather than natural, phenomena.Moreover, even in those cases where we seek to be objective, it may be difficult to judge what a truly objective account would look like, and whether it is achievable.This Very Short Introduction demonstrates that there are a number of common misunderstandings about what objectivity is, and explores the theoretical and practical problems of objectivity by assessing the basic questions raised by it.As well as considering the core philosophical issues, Gaukroger also deals with the way in which particular understandings of objectivity impinge on social research, science, and art.ABOUT THE SERIES: The Very Short Introductions series from Oxford University Press contains hundreds of titles in almost every subject area.These pocket-sized books are the perfect way to get ahead in a new subject quickly.Our expert authors combine facts, analysis, perspective, new ideas, and enthusiasm to make interesting and challenging topics highly readable.
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Food Engineering Automation with Robotics and AI
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Which programming language is used for robotics and artificial intelligence?
Python is commonly used for robotics and artificial intelligence due to its simplicity, readability, and extensive libraries for machine learning and robotics. It is also known for its flexibility and ease of integration with hardware, making it a popular choice for developing robotics and AI applications. Additionally, Python's strong community support and active development make it a suitable language for these rapidly evolving fields.
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What is objectivity?
Objectivity is the ability to approach a situation, issue, or topic without being influenced by personal feelings, biases, or opinions. It involves looking at the facts and evidence in a fair and impartial manner, and making decisions or judgments based on rational and logical reasoning rather than emotions or subjective beliefs. Objectivity is important in fields such as journalism, science, and research, where it is crucial to present information and findings in an unbiased and neutral way.
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Why is objectivity so difficult?
Objectivity is difficult to achieve because it requires individuals to set aside their personal biases, emotions, and perspectives in order to see and understand a situation from a neutral standpoint. Our experiences, beliefs, and cultural background can all influence how we perceive and interpret information, making it challenging to remain completely objective. Additionally, the complexity and subjectivity of many issues can make it difficult to separate facts from opinions, further complicating the pursuit of objectivity. Finally, the influence of external factors such as social pressures, power dynamics, and conflicting interests can also make it difficult to maintain objectivity.
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What do you understand by objectivity?
Objectivity refers to the ability to approach a situation, issue, or topic without being influenced by personal biases, emotions, or opinions. It involves looking at the facts and evidence in a fair and impartial manner, without allowing personal feelings or beliefs to cloud one's judgment. Objectivity is important in fields such as journalism, science, and decision-making, as it helps to ensure that information and decisions are based on rational and unbiased analysis. It is the foundation for making fair and balanced assessments of situations and forming well-informed opinions.
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Artificial Intelligence and Learning Futures : Critical Narratives of Technology and Imagination in Higher Education
Artificial Intelligence and Learning Futures: Critical Narratives of Technology and Imagination in Higher Education explores the implications of artificial intelligence’s adoption in higher education and the challenges to building sustainable instead of dystopic schooling.As AI becomes integral to both pedagogy and profitability in today’s colleges and universities, a critical discourse on these systems and algorithms is urgently needed to push back against their potential to enable surveillance, control, and oppression.This book examines the development, risks, and opportunities inherent to AI in education and curriculum design, the problematic ideological assumptions of intelligence and technology, and the evidence base and ethical imagination required to responsibly implement these learning technologies in a way that ensures quality and sustainability.Leaders, administrators, and faculty as well as technologists and designers will find these provocative and accessible ideas profoundly applicable to their research, decision-making, and concerns.
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1000 Masterworks: Dada and New Objectivity
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Objectivity, Relativism, and Truth : Philosophical Papers
Richard Rorty's collected papers, written during the 1980s and now published in two volumes, take up some of the issues which divide Anglo-Saxon analytic philosophers and contemporary French and German philosophers and offer something of a compromise - agreeing with the latter in their criticisms of traditional notions of truth and objectivity, but disagreeing with them over the political implications they draw from dropping traditional philosophical doctrines.In this volume Rorty offers a Deweyan account of objectivity as intersubjectivity, one that drops claims about universal validity and instead focuses on utility for the purposes of a community.The sense in which the natural sciences are exemplary for inquiry is explicated in terms of the moral virtues of scientific communities rather than in terms of a special scientific method.The volume concludes with reflections on the relation of social democratic politics to philosophy.
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Reading Rodl : On Self-Consciousness and Objectivity
Sebastian Rödl's Self-Consciousness and Objectivity is one of the most original and thought-provoking books in analytic philosophy for the last several years.An ambitious defence of absolute idealism, Rödl rejects the idea that we as thinking beings can position ourselves within a given, mind-independent reality, and instead advances the position that the very idea of an ‘objective reality’ coincides with the self-consciousness of thought. In this outstanding collection, a roster of international contributors critically examine the significance of Rödl's arguments and develop them in new directions.Their contributions are organised into the following six sections: Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and naturalism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and formal idealism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and quietism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and absolute idealism Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and the power of judgment Self-Consciousness and Objectivity and the determinacy of the individualThe volume concludes with an extensive response by Sebastian Rödl to his critics.This book constitutes essential reading for anyone interested in contemporary debates at ther intersection of analytic philosophy and philosophical idealism.
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Is true objectivity achievable for humans?
True objectivity, defined as complete impartiality and neutrality, may be difficult for humans to achieve. Our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences shape our perspectives, making it challenging to completely remove bias. However, by being aware of our biases and actively seeking out diverse viewpoints, we can strive towards a more objective understanding of the world. While complete objectivity may be unattainable, the pursuit of objectivity can lead to more balanced and informed decision-making.
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Is true objectivity attainable for humans?
True objectivity, defined as complete impartiality and neutrality, is difficult for humans to attain. Our thoughts, beliefs, and experiences shape our perspectives, making it challenging to completely separate ourselves from bias. However, by being aware of our own biases and actively seeking out diverse perspectives, we can strive to be more objective in our judgments and decision-making. While achieving perfect objectivity may be elusive, making a conscious effort to approach situations with an open mind can help us come closer to it.
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Is machine learning already artificial intelligence?
Machine learning is a subset of artificial intelligence. It involves training a machine to learn from data and make predictions or decisions without being explicitly programmed to do so. Artificial intelligence, on the other hand, encompasses a broader range of technologies and applications that enable machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence, such as understanding natural language, recognizing patterns, and solving problems. While machine learning is an important component of artificial intelligence, AI also includes other techniques such as natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics.
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Is there objectivity or is everything subjective?
Objectivity and subjectivity exist on a spectrum. While some things can be objectively measured or proven, such as scientific facts or mathematical equations, many aspects of human experience are subjective, influenced by personal beliefs, emotions, and perspectives. It is important to recognize that both objectivity and subjectivity play a role in shaping our understanding of the world, and a balanced approach that considers both perspectives can lead to a more comprehensive understanding of complex issues.
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